{"id":26888,"date":"2026-10-21T09:26:39","date_gmt":"2026-10-21T07:26:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/?p=26888"},"modified":"2026-10-21T09:26:39","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T07:26:39","slug":"immunonutrition-ved-kolorektal-cancerkirurgi-et-narrativt-review-af-evidensen-i-en-moderne-perioperativ-kontekst","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/index.php\/2026\/10\/21\/immunonutrition-ved-kolorektal-cancerkirurgi-et-narrativt-review-af-evidensen-i-en-moderne-perioperativ-kontekst\/","title":{"rendered":"Immunonutrition ved kolorektal cancerkirurgi: et narrativt review af evidensen i en moderne perioperativ kontekst"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26900 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Indlaegsbillede-1.png?resize=714%2C174&#038;quality=80&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"714\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Indlaegsbillede-1.png?w=714&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 714w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Indlaegsbillede-1.png?resize=300%2C73&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Indlaegsbillede-1.png?resize=600%2C146&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 714px) 100vw, 714px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Lone Manca <\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none font-size-modifier vertical-align\">1<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">,<\/span> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Tina Munk <\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none font-size-modifier vertical-align\">2<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">, Jacob Rosenberg <\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none font-size-modifier vertical-align\">3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-start\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"><strong>1<\/strong> Sygeplejerske, Center for Perioperativ Optimering, Afdeling for Mave-, Tarm- og Leversygdomme, Kirurgisk Sektion, K\u00f8benhavns Universitetshospital \u2013 Herlev og Gentofte Hospital. ORCID 0009-0007-1692-600X.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off font-size-modifier vertical-align text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">2 <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Klinisk di\u00e6tist, Enheden af Di\u00e6tister og Ern\u00e6ringsforskning, EATEN, K\u00f8benhavns Universitetshospital \u2013 Herlev og Gentofte Hospital. ORCID 0000-0001-8496-025X.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off font-size-modifier vertical-align text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">3 <\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Professor, overl\u00e6ge, Center for Perioperativ Optimering, Afdeling for Mave-, Tarm- og Leversygdomme, Kirurgisk Sektion, K\u00f8benhavns Universitetshospital \u2013 Herlev og Gentofte Hospital. ORCID 0000-0002-0063-1086.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"fasc-button fasc-size-medium fasc-type-flat fasc-rounded-medium\" style=\"background-color: #33809e; color: #ffffff;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/PR-0826-Immunonutrition-ved-kolorektal-cancerkirurgi-et-narrativt-review-af-evidensen-i-en-moderne-perioperativ-kontekst.pdf\">DOWNLOAD ARTIKLEN<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"farve-boks\" style=\"border: 10px solid #76a244; padding: 16px 32px; border-radius: 24px; color: black; margin-bottom: 32px;\">\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Resum\u00e9<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Baggrund<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Kolorektal cancer er en hyppig \u00e5rsag til cancerrelateret mortalitet, og kirurgisk resektion er den prim\u00e6re kurativt rettede behandling. Postoperative infekti\u00f8se komplikationer forekommer hyppigt og er associeret med \u00f8get morbiditet, forl\u00e6nget indl\u00e6ggelse og nedsat livskvalitet. Malnutrition og det katabole stressrespons har v\u00e6ret betragtet som modificerbare risikofaktorer, og immunonutrition ern\u00e6ring beriget med arginin, omega-3-fedtsyrer, nukleotider og mikronutrienter er foresl\u00e5et til at modulere det immunologiske og inflammatoriske respons.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Design<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Kritisk narrativt review med en struktureret men ikke udt\u00f8mmende litteraturgennemgang. S\u00e6rlig v\u00e6gt p\u00e5 metodiske forhold, herunder risiko for bias, tidsm\u00e6ssig kontekst, samt strukturelle \u00e6ndringer i kravene til transparens og rapportering af interessekonflikter over tid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Form\u00e5l<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">At evaluere det videnskabelige evidensgrundlag for perioperativ immunonutrition ved kolorektal cancerkirurgi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Resultater<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Litteraturen er pr\u00e6get af betydelig heterogenitet i populationer, interventioner og effektm\u00e5l. De st\u00e6rkeste positive resultater stammer fra \u00e6ldre studier f\u00f8r udbredelsen af minimalt invasiv kirurgi og ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery). Nyere randomiserede studier i standardiserede ERAS-forl\u00f8b med mindre invasive teknikker har ikke reproduceret de oprindelige effektst\u00f8rrelser, men enkelte, herunder SONVI-studiet, har vist gavnlig effekt. Flere tidlige studier har h\u00f8j eller uklar risiko for bias, og mulig industriindflydelse kan ikke vurderes ud fra de foreliggende data.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition er ikke tilstr\u00e6kkeligt dokumenteret til at kunne anbefales som rutinebehandling i en moderne, optimeret perioperativ kontekst ved kolorektal cancerkirurgi. Evidensen er dog usikker, og et narrativt review kan ikke erstatte en systematisk evidenssyntese.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Klinisk relevans<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Brugen af immunonutrition synes ikke at v\u00e6re tilstr\u00e6kkeligt underbygget, men kan fortsat overvejes selektivt til h\u00f8jrisikopatienter med sv\u00e6r malnutrition, ved planlagt \u00e5ben kirurgi, eller p\u00e5 afdelinger, hvor ERAS-forl\u00f8b endnu ikke er fuldt implementerede<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">N\u00f8gleord:<\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"> immunonutrition, kolorektal cancer, perioperativ ern\u00e6ring, arginin, omega-3-fedtsyrer, nukleotider, mikronutrienter, ERAS, evidensbaseret medicin.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"abstract\" class=\"font-semibold leading-tight text-pretty mb-2 mt-4 [[data-has-inline-images]_&amp;]:clear-end text-lg first:mt-0 md:text-lg [hr+&amp;]:mt-4\">English abstract<\/h4>\n<p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:align-top\"><strong>Background<\/strong><br \/>\nColorectal cancer is a common cause of cancer-related mortality, and surgical resection is the primary treatment with curative intent. Postoperative infectious complications are common and are associated with increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stay and reduced quality of life. Malnutrition and the catabolic stress response are modifiable risk factors, and immunonutrition (nutrition enriched with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, nucleotides, and micronutrients) has been proposed to modulate the immunological and inflammatory response.<\/p>\n<p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:align-top\"><strong>Design<\/strong><br \/>\nA critical narrative review based on a structured but non-exhaustive literature review. Particular emphasis is placed on methodological issues, including risk of bias, temporal context, and structural changes over time in the requirements for transparency and the reporting of conflicts of interest.<\/p>\n<p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:align-top\"><strong>Aim<\/strong><br \/>\nTo evaluate the scientific evidence base for perioperative immunonutrition in colorectal cancer surgery.<\/p>\n<p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:align-top\"><strong>Results<\/strong><br \/>\nThe literature is characterised by considerable heterogeneity in populations, interventions and outcome measures. The strongest positive results come from older studies conducted before minimally invasive surgery and ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) became widespread. More recent randomised trials in standardised ERAS pathways using less invasive techniques have not reproduced the original effect sizes, although a few, including the SONVI trial, have shown a beneficial effect. Several early studies have a high or unclear risk of bias, and possible industry influence cannot be assessed from the available data.<\/p>\n<p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:align-top\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><br \/>\nPerioperative immunonutrition is not sufficiently documented to be recommended as routine treatment in a modern, optimised perioperative setting in colorectal cancer surgery. However, the evidence is uncertain, and a narrative review cannot replace a systematic evidence synthesis.<\/p>\n<p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:align-top\"><strong>Clinical relevance<\/strong><br \/>\nThe evidence does not sufficiently support immunonutrition, but it may still be considered selectively for high-risk patients with severe malnutrition, for planned open surgery, or in departments where ERAS pathways have not yet been fully implemented.<\/p>\n<p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:align-top\"><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> immunonutrition, colorectal cancer, perioperative nutrition, arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, nucleotides, micronutrients, ERAS, evidence-based medicine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Introduktion<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Kolorektal cancer er en af de hyppigste kr\u00e6ftformer i Danmark med en \u00e5rlig incidens p\u00e5 omkring 5.000 og en \u00e5rlig mortalitet p\u00e5 omkring 2.000 (1). Tidlig sygdom behandles ofte alene kirurgisk, men selve indgrebet medf\u00f8rer i sig selv en betydelig fysiologisk belastning, der midlertidigt forstyrrer hom\u00f8ostase, immunrespons og det inflammatoriske respons (2). <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Desuden rammes op til halvdelen af de opererede patienter af postoperative komplikationer, som ofte medf\u00f8rer \u00f8get morbiditet, l\u00e6ngere indl\u00e6ggelse, nedsat helbredsrelateret livskvalitet og betydelige samfunds\u00f8konomiske omkostninger (3).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">S\u00e5rinfektion alene rapporteres med en incidens p\u00e5 op til 22 % i tidligere studier (4). St\u00f8rre kirurgiske indgreb medf\u00f8rer en betydelig midler-tidig reduktion i fysisk funktionskapacitet og fysiologisk reserve. Selv efter ukomplicerede postoperative forl\u00f8b ses et markant fald i funktionskapaciteten p\u00e5 omkring 20-40 % (5,6).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Faldet skyldes prim\u00e6rt den inducerede kirurgiske stressrespons, som medf\u00f8rer en udtalt katabolisk tilstand inklusive udtalt postoperativ tr\u00e6thed, og hos nogle patienter kan den postoperative tr\u00e6thed str\u00e6kke sig over flere m\u00e5neder efter udskrivelsen (5,6). Det peri- og postoperative respons er karakteriseret ved en inflammatorisk stressreaktion, som kan ledsages af en relativ immunosuppression (7).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Et \u00e6ldre studie har vist, at den pr\u00e6operative ern\u00e6ringsstatus er en central og potentielt modificerbar faktor, idet op mod halvdelen af patienter med kolorektal cancer har tegn p\u00e5 ern\u00e6ringsrisiko allerede ved indl\u00e6ggelsen (8). Malnutrition og sygdomsrelateret underern\u00e6ring er forbundet med sv\u00e6kket immunfunktion, d\u00e5rligere s\u00e5rheling og h\u00f8jere komplikationsrater (9,10). <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Med den baggrund er pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition ern\u00e6ring beriget med specifikke komponenter, som i flere \u00e5rtier er blevet fremh\u00e6vet som en lavrisiko-intervention med potentiale til at reducere komplikationsraten.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Konceptet har et biologisk plausibelt rationale (2), og komplikationer efter kolorektal kirurgi er dyre for b\u00e5de patient og samfund (3), s\u00e5 selv en beskeden reduktion kan have betydning. Flere metaanalyser har desuden fundet f\u00e6rre infekti\u00f8se komplikationer ved pr\u00e6operativ eller perioperativ immunonutrition (2,10,11). <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Det europ\u00e6iske selskab for klinisk ern\u00e6ring og metabolisme (ESPEN) anbefaler i sine kliniske retningslinjer fra 2017 pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition til patienter med kolorektal cancer, som gennemg\u00e5r \u00e5ben kirurgi og er i ern\u00e6ringsrisiko (12).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Retningslinjen bygger s\u00e5ledes ikke kun p\u00e5 \u00e6ldre enkeltstudier, men ogs\u00e5 p\u00e5 samlede analyser, og SONVI-studiet har senere fundet en gavnlig effekt i et ERAS-forl\u00f8b (13). Anbefalingen hviler i bred udstr\u00e6kning p\u00e5 studier udf\u00f8rt i 1990&#8217;erne og begyndelsen af 2000&#8217;erne. <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Datidens perioperative praksis adskilte sig markant fra nutidens behandling. Pr\u00e6operativ faste fra midnat og \u00e5ben kirurgi var almindelig standard, mens ERAS-principper som reduceret faste, tidlig reintroduktion af oral eller enteral ern\u00e6ring og tidlig mobilisering endnu ikke var implementeret. Indl\u00e6ggelsestiden var ofte over en uge, selv ved ukomplicerede forl\u00f8b (14).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let er, om 25-35 \u00e5r gamle studieresultater fortsat har relevans for patienter, der gennemg\u00e5r kolorektal cancerkirurgi i moderne perioperative behandlingsforl\u00f8b. Det er det centrale i n\u00e6rv\u00e6rende<\/span> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">review. Form\u00e5let er at s\u00e6tte den nuv\u00e6rende evidens ind i en historisk og klinisk kontekst samt at diskutere, hvorfor pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition i Danmark kun i begr\u00e6nset omfang synes at v\u00e6re implementeret i daglig klinisk praksis &#8211; og om den overhovedet b\u00f8r implementeres. Vi gennemg\u00e5r b\u00e5de de argumenter, der taler for fortsat anvendelse, og dem, der taler imod.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Metode<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Litteraturgrundlaget for dette narrative review blev identificeret via en struktureret, men ikke udt\u00f8mmende s\u00f8gning i databasen PubMed. Sidel\u00f8bende blev guidelines fra European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism inddraget for at sikre integration af g\u00e6ldende internationale anbefalinger, og den endelige s\u00f8gning blev udf\u00f8rt i maj 2026.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">S\u00f8gestrategien blev struktureret ved brug af frie tekstord og relevante MeSH-termer (Medical Subject Headings) kombineret med de boolske operatorer AND og OR. For at afgr\u00e6nse populationen anvendtes s\u00f8getermerne &#8220;colo-rectal cancer&#8221; og &#8220;colorectal surgery&#8221;, mens interventionen blev afd\u00e6kket ved brug af termerne &#8220;immunonutrition&#8221;, &#8220;arginine&#8221;, &#8220;omega-3 fatty acids&#8221;, &#8220;nucleotides&#8221; og &#8220;immunomodulatory nutrition&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Udv\u00e6lgelsen af litteratur fulgte specifikke inklusions- og eksklusionskriterier. Hvad ang\u00e5r studiedesign, blev der prim\u00e6rt s\u00f8gt efter randomiserede kontrollerede studier samt systematiske reviews og metaanalyser for at sikre et h\u00f8jt evidensniveau. Tidsafgr\u00e6nsningen blev sat til perioden 1980\u20132026 for at opfange den fulde historiske kontekst s\u00e5vel som de nyeste kliniske data inden for moderne perioperative forl\u00f8b. Endelig var sprog og tilg\u00e6ngelighed begr\u00e6nset til artikler publiceret p\u00e5 engelsk, dansk, norsk, svensk, spansk og italiensk, hvor enten fuldtekst eller abstract var tilg\u00e6ngeligt. Eksklusionskriterier omfattede dyrestudier, studier uden kirurgisk kontekst samt artikler uden relevans for perioperativ ern\u00e6ring.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Udv\u00e6lgelse og kvalitetsvurdering af studier<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Litteraturs\u00f8gning og udv\u00e6lgelse af de specifikke studier blev udf\u00f8rt af forfatterne, og eventuelle uoverensstemmelser blev l\u00f8st ved konsensus. Titler og abstracts blev gennemg\u00e5et, og potentielt relevante artikler blev l\u00e6st i fuldtekst. I alt blev 15 randomiserede studier af pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition ved kolorektal cancerkirurgi inkluderet i den kliniske vurdering.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Da der er tale om et narrativt review, er der ikke udarbejdet et formelt flowdiagram og kvalitets- og risikovurderingen for bias (risk of bias) af de <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">15 identificerede RCT\u2019er bygger prim\u00e6rt p\u00e5 de metodiske evalueringer fra de allerede publicerede systematiske reviews samt de bagvedliggende systematiske gennemgange i ESPEN-retningslinjerne.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Immunonutrition og dets komponenter<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Immunonutrition har til form\u00e5l b\u00e5de at d\u00e6kke energi- og proteinbehov og at optimere immunforsvaret samt d\u00e6mpe den perioperative inflammatoriske reaktion gennem tilf\u00f8rsel af specifikke n\u00e6ringsstoffer (15). <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">De mest anvendte er aminosyrerne arginin og glutamin, omega-3-fedtsyrerne eikosapentaensyre [EPA] og dokosahexaensyre [DHA], nukleotider samt s\u00e6rlige mikron\u00e6ringsstoffer (is\u00e6r vitamin C og vitamin E), se <\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Figur 1<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26889 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Figur-1-2.png?resize=720%2C392&#038;quality=80&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Figur-1-2.png?w=720&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 720w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Figur-1-2.png?resize=300%2C163&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Figur-1-2.png?resize=600%2C327&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Arginin<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"> bidrager til opretholdelse af tarmens fysiologiske balance og regulering af lymfocytters stofskifte (2). Glutamin udg\u00f8r den prim\u00e6re energikilde for hurtigt prolifererende celler som makrofager, lymfocytter og enterocytter og bidrager samtidig til \u00f8gede glutathionniveauer i tarmmukosa, hvilket reducerer oxidativt stress og d\u00e6mper inflammation (16).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong>Omega-3-fedtsyrer <\/strong>EPA og DHA ud\u00f8ver antiinflammatoriske effekter ved at reducere blodpladers adh\u00e6sion til endotelet og nedregulere produktionen af proinflammatoriske eikosanoider, samtidig med at de underst\u00f8tter antioxidantisk beskyttelse via \u00f8gede glutathionniveauer (2).<\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Vitamin C<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"> (ascorbinsyre) fungerer som en potent antioxidant og cofaktor i kollagensyntese samt i epigenetisk regulering af genekspression i immunceller s\u00e5som T-celler, B-celler og dendritiske celler (17). Derudover underst\u00f8tter C-vitamin T-cellemodning, antigenpr\u00e6sentation og cytokinsignalering (18).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Vitamin E<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"> (\u03b1-tocopherol) er en lipidopl\u00f8selig antioxidant, der beskytter cellemembraner mod oxidativ skade og er samtidig associeret med reduceret infektionsrisiko og modulering af inflammatoriske processer (19).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Endelig underst\u00f8tter nukleotider lymfocytters modning, aktivering og proliferation (20). <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Flere kommercielle pr\u00e6parater kombinerer typisk arginin, omega-3-fedtsyrer, nukleotider og mikron\u00e6ringsstoffer i faste formuleringer, f.eks. Impact\u00ae. Det mest anvendte regime er 3 \u00d7 250 ml dagligt i 5-7 dage pr\u00e6operativt, eventuelt efterfulgt af 5-7 dage postoperativt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Det immunologiske rationale for immunonutrition<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Kirurgisk traume udl\u00f8ser et stressrespons, der er karakteriseret ved en initial proinflammatorisk fase efterfulgt af en kompenserende antiinflammatorisk og immunsupprimerende fase. T-celler er en type hvide blodlegemer, som spiller en central rolle i immunforsvaret. To centrale undertyper er Th1-celler og Th2-celler. Th1-celler fremmer cellemedieret immunitet og bek\u00e6mpelse af bakterielle infektioner, og Th2-celler fremmer antistofproduktion (21).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Postoperativt ses en akkumulering af myeloidafledte suppressorceller (MDSC), som via arginase 1 reducerer cirkulerende arginin i plasma medf\u00f8rende h\u00e6mmet T-celleproliferation og funktion (22,23). Det immunologiske rationale for immunonutrition er derfor biologisk plausibelt. Arginin kan potentielt modvirke stressrelateret argininmangel, mens omega-3-fedtsyrer kan p\u00e5virke balancen mellem pro- og antiinflammatoriske mediatorer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Nukleotider og mikron\u00e6ringsstoffer kan samtidig bidrage til celleproliferation og antioxidantforsvar og dermed kan immunonutrition muligvis underst\u00f8tte den immunologiske rekonvalescens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Et randomiseret studie fandt \u00f8get Th1-aktivitet hos patienter, der modtog immunonutrition, sammenlignet med kontroller (24). Samlet set giver de foresl\u00e5ede mekanismer et biologisk rationale for at unders\u00f8ge, om pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition kan forbedre postoperative klin-iske outcomes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-start\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Historisk perspektiv: udviklingen i 1980&#8217;erne og 1990&#8217;erne<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Konceptet immunonutrition opstod p\u00e5 baggrund af 1980&#8217;ernes erkendelse af, at s\u00e6rlige komponenter i ern\u00e6ringen kunne regulere og underst\u00f8tte immunsystemets funktion ud over deres almindelige metaboliske rolle. Det f\u00f8rste markante gennembrud blev vist i et randomiseret studie fra 1992, som unders\u00f8gte perioperativ enteral ern\u00e6ring beriget med arginin, RNA og omega-3-fedtsyrer hos 85 patienter med kirurgi for \u00f8vre gastrointestinal cancer. Studiet rapporterede en reduktion i infekti\u00f8se og s\u00e5rrelaterede komplikationer fra 37 % til 11 % samt en forkortelse af indl\u00e6ggelsestiden p\u00e5 4-5 dage (25). Effektst\u00f8rrelsen var betydelig, og resultaterne udl\u00f8ste en b\u00f8lge af interesse.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">I de f\u00f8lgende \u00e5r blev der publiceret en lang r\u00e6kke randomiserede studier, prim\u00e6rt fra italienske og polske forskningsgrupper, som ligeledes viste reducerede infekti\u00f8se komplikationer og kortere indl\u00e6ggelsestid. Et studie publiceret i 1997 unders\u00f8gte perioperativ enteral immunonutrition ved \u00f8vre gastrointestinal cancerkirurgi med positiv effekt p\u00e5 postoperative infektioner og s\u00e5rkomplikationer (26).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">En italiensk gruppe publicerede i 1999 et randomiseret dobbeltblindet fase-3-studie med 206 patienter, der gennemgik elektiv kirurgi for gastrointestinal cancer, og rapporterede en signifikant reduktion i postoperative infektioner, hvor infektionsraten blev reduceret fra 32 % i kontrolgruppen til 12 % ved pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition og 10 % ved perioperativ administration (27).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Et opf\u00f8lgende studie fra 2002, specifikt omhandlende kolorektal cancer, viste tilsvarende fordele ved 5 dages pr\u00e6operativ oral immunonutrition (28). Et stort randomiseret studie publiceret i Gastroenterology i 2002 bekr\u00e6ftede effekten i en uselekteret cancerkirurgisk population (29). P\u00e5 metaanalyseniveau cementerede en syntese fra 1999<\/span> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">at immunonutrition reducerede infekti\u00f8se komplikationer og indl\u00e6ggelsestid i de dav\u00e6rende kliniske kontekster (30).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Disse resultater bidrog til, at immunonutrition blev indarbejdet i flere internationale guidelines, herunder ESPEN&#8217;s anbefalinger fra 2006 (31) og i en udgave fra 2026, hvor pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition fortsat anbefales til patienter med kolorektal cancer i ern\u00e6ringsrisiko, der gennemg\u00e5r \u00e5ben kirurgi (12). <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Det er imidlertid vigtigt at anerkende, at tidligere studier blev gennemf\u00f8rt i en helt anden klinisk kontekst, som adskiller sig markant fra nutidens praksis, se <\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Figur 2<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26890 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Figur-2-2.png?resize=719%2C366&#038;quality=80&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"719\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Figur-2-2.png?w=719&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 719w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Figur-2-2.png?resize=300%2C153&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Figur-2-2.png?resize=600%2C305&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Den dav\u00e6rende standardbehandling indebar typisk faste fra midnat i 8-12 timer, \u00e5ben laparotomi, rutinem\u00e6ssig mekanisk tarmudrensning, pr\u00e6operativ nasogastrisk sonde, langvarig postoperativ faste indtil flatus eller endda f\u00e6ces, opioidbaseret smertebehandling, liberal v\u00e6sketerapi og sengeleje i flere dage. <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Indl\u00e6ggelsestiden var hyppigt 8-14 dage selv ved ukomplicerede forl\u00f8b (14). Det er i denne kontekst, at de imponerende effektst\u00f8rrelser blev observeret, og det er netop derfor, at en kritisk vurdering af generaliserbarheden til moderne perioperativ praksis er relevant og afg\u00f8rende.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-start\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Resultater<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Litteraturgrundlag og historisk kontekst<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Da den tidlige evidens for immunonutrition i h\u00f8j grad bygger p\u00e5 studier af \u00f8vre gastrointestinal eller blandet gastrointestinal cancerkirurgi samt peri- og postoperative interventioner, inddrages disse som historisk kontekst. <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Den kliniske vurdering fokuserer derimod p\u00e5 den evidens, der er relevant for pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition ved moderne kolorektal cancerkirurgi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Analyse af den kronologiske udvikling og indflydelsen af perioperativ optimering<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">En kronologisk gennemgang af randomiserede studier udvalgt i henhold til artiklens s\u00f8gestrategi og metodiske kriterier, illustrerer hvordan effektst\u00f8rrelsen af pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition er aftaget i takt med, at den perioperative behandling er blevet optimeret, se <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"><strong>Tabel 1<\/strong>. <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Tabellen inkluderer b\u00e5de studier specifikt ved kolorektal cancer og bredere studier inden for gastrointestinal kirurgi, da disse samlet set har bidraget til udviklingen af immunonutrition-konceptet. Detaljerede effektm\u00e5l fremg\u00e5r af de respektive originalpublikationer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26891 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Tabel-1-1.png?resize=722%2C887&#038;quality=80&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"722\" height=\"887\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Tabel-1-1.png?w=722&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 722w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Tabel-1-1.png?resize=244%2C300&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 244w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/sygeplejevidenskab.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Tabel-1-1.png?resize=600%2C737&amp;quality=80&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Tidlige studier fra 1990&#8217;erne og begyndelsen af 2000&#8217;erne rapporterede konsistente reduktioner i infekti\u00f8se komplikationer p\u00e5 50-70 % og forkortelse af indl\u00e6ggelsestiden p\u00e5 2-5 dage (25, 27-29). I kontrast hertil fandt et studie fra 2008, som inkluderede 205 velern\u00e6rede patienter, der gennemgik elektiv \u00f8vre gastrointestinal kirurgi, ingen signifikant effekt af immunonutrition p\u00e5 postoperative infekti\u00f8se komplikationer, mortalitet eller indl\u00e6ggelsestid sammenlignet med standardern\u00e6ring (32).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Studier fra omkring 2010 viser et mere varierende billede (33,34). Et randomiseret studie fra 2012 inkluderede patienter i ern\u00e6ringsm\u00e6ssig risiko (NRS-2002 \u2265 3). Patienterne blev randomiseret til 5 dages pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition versus isokalorisk kontrol, og der blev ikke fundet signifikant forskel i komplikationsrater (33).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Et studie publiceret i 2013 unders\u00f8gte velern\u00e6rede patienter, der gennemgik abdominal cancerkirurgi, og fandt heller ingen klinisk fordel af kortvarig 3 dages pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition (34). <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Det multicenterbaserede SONVI-studie fra 2016 randomiserede 264 patienter med kolorektal cancer til pr\u00e6operativ og postoperativ oral immunonutrition versus standard oral nutrition i et ERAS-forl\u00f8b og rapporterede en signifikant reduktion i infekti\u00f8se komplikationer (10,7 % vs. 23,8 %, p = 0,0007) og s\u00e5rinfektioner (5,7 % vs. 16,4 %, p = 0,0008) (13).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">SONVI-studiet er ofte fremh\u00e6vet som det st\u00e6rkeste argument for fortsat anvendelse af immunonutrition i en moderne kontekst, men implementeringsgraden af ERAS i de inkluderede centre var inkonsistent, og resultaterne har ikke kunnet reproduceres entydigt i efterf\u00f8lgende studier. <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Nyere randomiserede studier udf\u00f8rt i veletablerede ERAS-forl\u00f8b tegner et andet billede. Et randomiseret studie fra 2023 inkluderede 176 patienter med koloncancer, som efterf\u00f8lgende blev randomiseret til pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition versus standardern\u00e6ring, fandt hverken forskel i infekti\u00f8se komplikationer (17,7 % vs. 15,9 %, p = 0,751) eller indl\u00e6ggelsestid (7,6 \u00b1 2,5 dage vs. 7,4 \u00b1 2,3 dage, p = 0,635) (35).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Et andet studie fra 2023 var et 2-\u00e5rigt prospektivt studie af 879 patienter med kolorektal cancer, hvor pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition blev sammenlignet med almindelig ern\u00e6ring, og det fandt ingen forskel i samlede komplikationer (21,5 % vs. 23,9 %, p = 0,416) eller s\u00e5rinfektioner (6,4 % vs. 6,9 %, p = 0,801) (36). <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Et andet studie som inkluderede en kohorte p\u00e5 over 1.700 elektive kolorektale operationer udf\u00f8rt i et robust ERAS-program fandt ingen association mellem perioperativ immunonutrition og anastomosel\u00e6kage (OR 0,96; 95 % CI 0,45\u20132,08) eller indl\u00e6ggelsestid (37). Nyere metaanalyser og metodisk mere kritiske analyser tegner et mere nuanceret billede af effekten.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">En metaanalyse fra 2019 omfattede 16 randomiserede studier med 1.387 patienter med gastrointestinal cancer og rapporterede en reduktion i infekti\u00f8se komplikationer (OR 0,58; 95 % CI 0,47\u20130,72), men understregede betydelig heterogenitet og risiko for bias (10).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Effekten synes s\u00e5ledes ikke n\u00f8dvendigvis frav\u00e6rende, men dens st\u00f8rrelse og generaliserbarhed er usikker. En metaanalyse fra 2023 fandt ligeledes f\u00e6rre infekti\u00f8se komplikationer. Effekten s\u00e5s s\u00e6rligt ved pr\u00e6- og perioperativ administration samt blandt patienter med \u00f8vre gastrointestinal cancer, kolorektal cancer og blandede gastrointestinale cancerformer, mens den syntes uafh\u00e6ngig af ern\u00e6ringsstatus (11).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">En analyse fra 2017, som inkluderede 83 randomiserede studier og over 7.000 patienter, var blandt de f\u00f8rste til systematisk at adressere risikoen for industribias, det vil sige risikoen for, at studier finansieret af ern\u00e6ringsindustrien rapporterer mere positive resultater end uafh\u00e6ngige studier. Analysen fandt, at effektestimatet for infekti\u00f8se komplikationer blev st\u00e6rkt reduceret, n\u00e5r studier med h\u00f8j eller uklar biasrisiko blev ekskluderet (38).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">En Cochrane-analyse fra 2024 unders\u00f8gte immunonutrition efter gastrointestinal kirurgi og konkluderede, at immunonutrition sammenlignet med standardern\u00e6ring muligvis kun har en lille eller ingen effekt p\u00e5 infekti\u00f8se komplikationer (RR 0,74; 95 % CI 0,53-1,04), med vurdering af lav til meget lav evidenskvalitet (39). En metaanalyse fra 2025 inkluderede 10 studier med 3.337 patienter med kolorektal cancer og fandt ingen reduktion i s\u00e5rinfektion (RR 0,70; p = 0,13) eller anastomosel\u00e6kage (RR 0,56; p = 0,09); den eneste signifikante effekt var en forkortelse af indl\u00e6ggelsestiden p\u00e5 0,48 dage, formentlig uden klinisk betydning i et moderne ERAS-forl\u00f8b (4).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">En anden metaanalyse fra 2025, som inkluderede patienter, der gennemgik elektiv kolorektal kirurgi, konkluderede tilsvarende, at effekten begr\u00e6nser sig til en marginal reduktion af mindre infekti\u00f8se komplikationer (40). <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">En tredje metaanalyse fra 2025 med patienter med kolorektal cancer adresserede specifikt den kirurgiske teknik og fandt, at effekten af immunonutrition prim\u00e6rt ses ved \u00e5ben kirurgi (RR for s\u00e5rinfektion 0,48; 95 % CI 0,32-0,72), mens fordelen i laparoskopiske kohorter var betydeligt mindre udtalt (41).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Den kronologiske gradient i effektst\u00f8rrelser er p\u00e5faldende. Jo nyere studierne er, og jo bedre den perioperative behandling bliver, desto mindre synes effekten af immunonutrition at v\u00e6re.<\/span> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">M\u00f8nstret er en observation, og \u00e5rsagen kan ikke fastsl\u00e5s ud fra de foreliggende studier. En mulig forklaring er, at effekten afh\u00e6nger af konteksten, og at de tidligt rapporterede resultater delvist afspejler, at den perioperative standardbehandling dengang var mindre optimeret end i dag. Det er en hypotese, som ikke er testet direkte. Studierne adskiller sig desuden p\u00e5 flere punkter end tidspunktet, blandt andet population, pr\u00e6parat og design, og en ren tidsm\u00e6ssig sammenh\u00e6ng kan derfor ikke udledes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-start\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Evidensen for pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition ved kolorektal cancerkirurgi<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Trods en omfattende litteratur om immunonutrition ved abdominal og gastrointestinal kirurgi er evidensen vedr\u00f8rende pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition for kolorektal cancerkirurgi fortsat v\u00e6sentligt begr\u00e6nset. Via en m\u00e5lrettet litteraturs\u00f8gning i PubMed identificerede vi 15 randomiserede kontrollerede studier (RCT\u2019er) af pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition ved kolorektal cancerkirurgi publiceret i perioden 1988\u20132026 (13, 28, 42\u201354).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Seks af studierne blev publiceret f\u00f8r 2010, tre i 2016-2017 og syv i perioden 2022-2025. At kun 16 randomiserede studier er publiceret over n\u00e6sten fire \u00e5rtier st\u00e5r i kontrast til, at interventionen fortsat anbefales i internationale guidelines. N\u00e6sten halvdelen af disse studier inkluderede f\u00e6rre end 50 patienter, herunder et mikrobiomstudie, som unders\u00f8gte \u00e6ndringer i tarmens bakterieflora hos 14 patienter (44), et translationelt studie, som unders\u00f8gte basale biologiske mekanismer i en klinisk kontekst med 24 patienter (45) samt det \u00e6ldste studie fra 1988 med 24 patienter (42).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Kun tre studier inkluderer over 200 patienter (28, 43, 52), og kun \u00e9t studie &#8211; SONVI-studiet (13), er specifikt designet til at vurdere kliniske outcomes ved kolorektal kirurgi i en moderne ERAS-kontekst. Det samlede patientantal p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af de 15 RCT\u2019er udg\u00f8r cirka 1.400 patienter. De inkluderede studier adskiller sig markant med hensyn til populationer, interventioner og studiedesign.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Populationerne omfatter enten udelukkende kolorektal cancer (13,28,42,43,46-48,50,53), blandede gastrointestinale populationer (44,49,51), kolorektal cancer kombineret med divertikelsygdom (46) samt rektumcancer efter neoadjuvant kemo-radioterapi (47).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Interventionernes varighed og timing sp\u00e6nder fra pr\u00e6operativ administration i 5\u20138 dage (28, 42, 44, 51, 53, 54) over perioperative regimer med fortsat postoperativt indtag (45-52) til udelukkende postoperativ supplementering (48). Outcomes er ligeledes heterogene, hvor kun et mindretal af studierne har postoperative komplikationer eller indl\u00e6ggelsestid som prim\u00e6rt effektm\u00e5l, mens flere udelukkende rapporterer immunologiske, biokemiske eller cellul\u00e6re outcomes (42,44-47,49,53).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Metodekritik og studiets begr\u00e6nsninger<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">For det f\u00f8rste er litteraturs\u00f8gningen udelukkende foretaget i databasen PubMed. Selvom PubMed er en velkendt og den mest omfattende database inden for den biomedicinske verden, medf\u00f8rer dette valg en risiko for, at relevante studier, der udelukkende er indekseret i andre databaser, ikke er blevet identificeret. Vi har ikke s\u00f8gt i Embase, CINAHL eller Cochrane Library, og en supplerende s\u00f8gning i disse databaser kunne have givet yderligere studier.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">For det andet er det en iboende begr\u00e6nsning ved studiets narrative design, at der ikke er udf\u00f8rt en selvst\u00e6ndig, uafh\u00e6ngig risikovurdering for bias af de 15 inkluderede randomiserede kontrollerede studier ved brug af standardiserede valideringsv\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer. Kvalitetsvurderingen baserer sig i stedet p\u00e5 de metodiske evalueringer fra eksisterende systematiske reviews og <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">de bagvedliggende gennemgange i ESPEN-retningslinjerne. Dette kan \u00f8ge risikoen for, at metodiske svagheder i de enkelte prim\u00e6rstudier ikke er blevet fuldt belyst i n\u00e6rv\u00e6rende syntese. Endelig bygger konklusionerne p\u00e5 et narrativt review og ikke p\u00e5 en systematisk evidenssyntese. Udv\u00e6lgelsen af studier og v\u00e6gtningen af evidensen indeb\u00e6rer derfor et element af sk\u00f8n, og konklusionerne b\u00f8r l\u00e6ses med denne begr\u00e6nsning in mente.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Opsummering<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Positive kliniske fund er prim\u00e6rt rapporteret i et begr\u00e6nset antal \u00e6ldre studier udf\u00f8rt f\u00f8r implementeringen af ERAS. Et studie fra 2002 viste reduktion i postoperative infektioner ved 5 dages pr\u00e6operativ oral immunonutrition hos patienter med kolorektal cancer (28). Tilsvar-ende fandt et studie fra 2006 f\u00e6rre komplikationer efter 7 dages pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition hos patienter med gastrointestinal cancer (51).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">SONVI-studiet (2016) er fortsat det mest citerede randomiserede studie i feltet og rapporterede en reduktion i infekti\u00f8se komplikationer fra 23,8 % til 10,7 %; effekten var dog udf\u00f8rt i en kontekst med varierende implementering af ERAS (13).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Nyere studier, udf\u00f8rt i ERAS-rammer og prim\u00e6rt hos velern\u00e6rede patienter, viser derimod mere begr\u00e6nsede kliniske effekter. Et studie fandt ingen forskel i komplikationsrater mellem postoperativ immunonutrition og standard ern\u00e6ringssupplement (48), mens et andet studie rapporterede en mindre reduktion i overfladiske s\u00e5rinfektioner, men ingen forskel i \u00f8vrige kliniske outcomes (52). Et yderligere studie viste kun marginale forskelle i ern\u00e6ringsrelaterede biomark\u00f8rer uden klinisk signifikans (50). Studier med fokus p\u00e5 immunologiske og mikrobielle outcomes har ligeledes vist ikke-signifikante effekter, og flere studier synes metodisk begr\u00e6nsede i forhold til statistisk styrke (44, 45, 47).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Studiernes metodologiske svagheder<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Den specifikke evidens i kolorektal kirurgi er desuden sv\u00e6kket af metodologiske begr\u00e6nsninger. Flere tidlige studier (42, 46, 49, 53) er ikke <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">dobbeltblindede og har sm\u00e5 stikpr\u00f8ver med betydelig risiko for type-II-fejl ved kliniske outcomes. Samtidig rapporterer flere studier mange immunologiske og biokemiske endepunkter, hvilket \u00f8ger risikoen for type-I-fejl, dvs. tilf\u00e6ldige signifikante fund som f\u00f8lge af multiple sammenligninger. (45).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Compliance med pr\u00e6operative interventioner er ofte ufuldst\u00e6ndigt rapporteret, og i \u00e9t nyere translationelt studie var den postoperative compliance under 46 %, hvilket vanskeligg\u00f8r vurderingen af den reelle intervention (45). Hertil kommer betydelig variation i pr\u00e6parater, dosering og behandlingsvarighed, hvilket betyder, at studierne ikke uden videre kan sammenlignes eller samles i en f\u00e6lles analyse.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Den moderne perioperative kontekst<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">ERAS-protokollens gennembrud og kliniske effekt<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">ERAS blev introduceret af Henrik Kehlet i slutningen af 1990&#8217;erne (55) og har siden gennemg\u00e5et en omfattende international implementering. Et amerikansk studie fra 2025 viste, at indf\u00f8relse af et standardiseret ERAS-program reducerede 30-dages-komplikationer med 35 % (OR 0,65; 95 % CI 0,59\u20130,73), reducerede forekomsten af overfladiske s\u00e5rinfektioner fra 7,5 % til 2,5 % (p &lt; 0,001) og forkortede den mediane indl\u00e6ggelsestid fra 5 til 4 dage (56).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">De v\u00e6sentligste komponenter omfatter pr\u00e6operativ patientuddannelse og forventningsafstemning, selektiv mekanisk tarmudrensning afh\u00e6ngigt af procedure, fri v\u00e6skeindtagelse frem til 2 timer f\u00f8r kirurgi, kulhydratrige drikke 2-3 timer pr\u00e6operativt, multimodal opioidbesparende smertebehandling, restriktiv v\u00e6sketerapi, undg\u00e5else af nasogastrisk sonde og dr\u00e6n, tidlig mobilisering og tidlig peroral ern\u00e6ring (56).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-start\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Minimalt invasiv kirurgi og det reducerede stressrespons<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Parallelt hermed er kolorektal kirurgi i Danmark og i store dele af verden i stigende grad blevet udf\u00f8rt med minimalt invasiv teknik,<\/span> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" style=\"font-size: 16px;\">her<\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">under laparoskopi og robotassisteret kirurgi. Studier har vist lavere postoperative niveauer af proinflammatoriske mark\u00f8rer efter laparoskopi sammenlignet med \u00e5ben kirurgi (4). Det kirurgiske traume, som immunonutrition oprindeligt blev foresl\u00e5et til at modulere, synes s\u00e5ledes allerede i dag at v\u00e6re reduceret.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-start\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Sammenfald mellem tidlige immunonutritionsstudier og moderne fastepraksis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">De foresl\u00e5ede mekanismer bag de enkelte komponenter i tidlige immunonutritionsstudier b\u00f8r ogs\u00e5 fortolkes med forsigtighed. Flere af de tidlige immunonutritionsregimer indeholdt kulhydrater og blev administreret helt op til 2 timer f\u00f8r kirurgi i en periode, hvor lang faste fra midnat fortsat var standard p\u00e5 mange centre. Det er derfor muligt, at en del af den observerede effekt i disse studier kan v\u00e6re relateret til samtidige \u00e6ndringer i faste- og ern\u00e6ringspraksis snarere end isolerede immunmodulerende substrater, men dette er endnu ikke endeligt afklaret (57). I dag er pr\u00e6operativ kulhydratbehandling og 2-timers-fastegr\u00e6nsen for klare v\u00e6sker en integreret del af ERAS-protokollerne, hvilket yderligere komplicerer isoleringen af specifikke effekter af immuno-nutrition.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-start\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">\u00c6ndringer i patientpopulationen, screenings-programmer og prehabilitering<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Patientpopulationen adskiller sig<\/span> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" style=\"font-size: 16px;\">i dag v\u00e6sentligt fra 1990&#8217;ernes. Tidlig diagnostik fra blandt andet screeningsprogrammet for kolorektal cancer medf\u00f8rer, at sygdommen typisk opdages p\u00e5 et tidligere stadium samt hos patienter med bedre pr\u00e6operativ fysisk funktion (1).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Samtidig er multimodal prehabilitering, omfattende fysisk tr\u00e6ning, ern\u00e6ringsoptimering, rygestop, an\u00e6mibehandling og psykologisk forberedelse gradvist blevet integreret i perioperative forl\u00f8b p\u00e5 flere centre og adresserer patientens samlede risikoprofil bredere end immunonutrition alene. Hertil kommer, at indl\u00e6ggelsestiden ved laparoskopisk koloncancerkirurgi i Danmark er 2-4 dage, hvilket s\u00e6tter en biologisk gr\u00e6nse for, hvor stor en yderligere effekt en immunmodulerende intervention realistisk kan forventes at have p\u00e5 dette endepunkt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Lovende evidens, begr\u00e6nset klinisk anvendelse<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Trods mere end 30 \u00e5rs forskning, 15 randomiserede studier og fortsatte anbefalinger i internationale guidelines er pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition fortsat kun begr\u00e6nset implementeret ved kolorektal cancerkirurgi &#8211; b\u00e5de i Danmark og internationalt. Diskrepansen mellem forskningsm\u00e6ssig interesse og klinisk anvendelse kalder p\u00e5 en kritisk vurdering af evidensens kliniske relevans i moderne perioperative forl\u00f8b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"><strong>For det f\u00f8rste<\/strong> har kliniske effekter fremst\u00e5et for usikre og kontekstafh\u00e6ngige til at retf\u00e6rdigg\u00f8re rutinem\u00e6ssig anvendelse. Effektst\u00f8rrelser har varieret betydeligt mellem studier, og de st\u00f8rste effekter er rapporteret i kliniske kontekster (\u00e5ben kirurgi uden ERAS), som ikke l\u00e6ngere repr\u00e6senterer dansk kolorektal kirurgi. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"><strong>For det andet<\/strong> har evidensgrundlaget v\u00e6ret pr\u00e6get af betydelig heterogenitet i intervention, dosering, administrationsvarighed, patientpopulation og endepunkter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"><strong>For det tredje<\/strong> rejser det historiske evidensgrundlag sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om bias og interessekonflikter. Frem til midten af 1990&#8217;erne havde f\u00e6rre end 30 % af nordamerikanske medicinske tidsskrifter formaliserede krav om deklaration af finansieringskilder, og kun 13 % kr\u00e6vede oplysninger om konsulentpositioner (58).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">F\u00f8rst omkring \u00e5r 2000 havde 89 % af medicinske institutioner klare politikker for h\u00e5ndtering af interessekonflikter, men kun 7-8 % stillede krav om oplysninger om finansieringskilder til tidsskrifter (59). Flere af de tidlige immunonutritionsstudier var st\u00f8ttet af eller udf\u00f8rt i samarbejde med producenter af kommercielle ern\u00e6ringsprodukter, men omfanget er ikke opgjort systematisk i dette review. <\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Tallene om tidsskrifters og institutioners politikker beskriver generelle forhold i biomedicinsk forskning og er ikke specifikke for immunonutrition. Det dokumenterede fund er, at effektestimatet for infekti\u00f8se komplikationer blev betydeligt reduceret, n\u00e5r studier med h\u00f8j eller uklar risiko for bias blev udeladt (38).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">En sammenh\u00e6ng med industrifinansiering, publikationsbias eller andre mekanismer er derimod en hypotese, som ikke kan afg\u00f8res retrospektivt. Det underst\u00f8tter forsigtighed i fortolkningen af de historiske data, men er ikke i sig selv et bevis for, at de tidlige effekter er falske.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"><strong>For det fjerde<\/strong> har de kliniske resultater i kolorektal kirurgi i sig selv forbedret sig betydeligt gennem de seneste 30-40 \u00e5r som f\u00f8lge af forbedringer inden for an\u00e6stesi, minimal invasiv kirurgi, restriktiv v\u00e6sketerapi, multimodal smertebehandling, antibiotikaprofylakse, tidlig mobilisering og standardiserede ERAS-forl\u00f8b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">N\u00e5r en intervention skal vise sig overlegen i en kontekst, hvor referencestandarden allerede har h\u00f8stet det meste af den modificerbare gevinst, vil effektst\u00f8rrelsen sandsynligvis v\u00e6re mindre. I et moderne ERAS-forl\u00f8b med en 30-dages-komplikationsrate p\u00e5 10-15 % og en s\u00e5rinfektionsrate p\u00e5 omkring 2-3 % er det sv\u00e6rt at skabe samme rum for forbedring som i 1990&#8217;erne med komplikationsrater p\u00e5 omkring 35 % og s\u00e5rinfektionsrater p\u00e5 op til 22 %.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"><strong>For det femte<\/strong> har implementeringen af immunonutrition praktiske og \u00f8konomiske implikationer. Patienter skal identificeres pr\u00e6operativt, interventionen skal ordineres og udleveres rettidigt, og patienterne skal informeres og underst\u00f8ttes i at indtage pr\u00e6paratet i 5-7 dage f\u00f8r kirurgi. Hertil kommer omkostninger, mulig smagstr\u00e6thed og varierende compliance (12).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Under hensyntagen til begr\u00e6nsede ressourcer, implementeringskrav og usikker generaliserbarhed til moderne ERAS-forl\u00f8b b\u00f8r rutinem\u00e6ssig anvendelse af immunonutrition derfor afvejes mod andre pr\u00e6operative tiltag med mere veldokumenteret effekt i den aktuelle kliniske kontekst.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Diskussion<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Vores gennemgang peger p\u00e5 et m\u00f8nster: jo nyere studiet er, og jo mere optimeret perioperativ kontekst er, desto mindre overbevisende er effekten af pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition. Dette m\u00f8nster kan have metodologiske, biologiske og kontekstuelle forklaringer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Det har implikationer for, hvordan den eksisterende evidens b\u00f8r fortolkes og anvendes i 2026. En mulig fortolkning er, at de oprindelige resultater delvist afspejlede en kombination af mindre stringent metodologi, mulig industriel finansiering, publikationsbias og en suboptimal referencebehandling. Efterh\u00e5nden som standardbehandlingen blev forbedret, kan den potentielle ekstra gevinst ved immunonutrition v\u00e6re blevet mindre. Disse forklaringer er hypoteser, og de kan ikke adskilles fra hinanden med de foreliggende data.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">En alternativ fortolkning er, at immunonutrition fortsat kan have en effekt, men at den skal ses kontekstafh\u00e6ngigt. Effekten synes at v\u00e6re st\u00f8rst hos patienter i ern\u00e6ringsrisiko, s\u00e6rligt hos dem, der gennemg\u00e5r \u00e5ben kirurgi uden fuldt implementeret ERAS-forl\u00f8b. Denne population er i dag begr\u00e6nset i Danmark, men forekommer stadig internationalt, s\u00e6rligt i lavindkomstlande og hos selekterede, komplekse patienter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">ESPEN-anbefalingen fra 2017 om pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition til patienter med kolorektal cancer med NRS-2002 \u2265 3, der gennemg\u00e5r \u00e5ben kirurgi (12), kan fortsat v\u00e6re relevant i denne kontekst, men dens generaliserbarhed til moderne dansk praksis m\u00e5 vurderes som begr\u00e6nset. Fortolkning st\u00f8ttes af, at flere meta-analyser fortsat finder f\u00e6rre infekti\u00f8se komplikationer (10,11), at SONVI-studiet fandt en gavnlig effekt i et ERAS-forl\u00f8b (13), og at effekten i en stratificeret metaanalyse var st\u00f8rst ved \u00e5ben kirurgi (41).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Konfidensintervallet i Cochrane-analysen (RR 0,74; 95 % CI 0,53-1,04) rummer b\u00e5de en betydelig reduktion og ingen effekt (39). Manglende evidens for effekt er derfor ikke det samme som evidens for manglende effekt, og en beskeden, men klinisk relevant effekt hos udvalgte patienter kan ikke udelukkes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Omvendt er de positive metaanalyser pr\u00e6get af heterogenitet og risiko for bias (10), og ERAS-implementeringen i SONVI-studiet var inkonsistent.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">En sidste fortolkning er, at immunonutritionens v\u00e6sentligste historiske bidrag ikke ligger i de specifikke substrater, men i det paradigmeskifte, som konceptet bidrog til. Anvendelsen af kulhydratrige drikke frem til 2 timer f\u00f8r kirurgi i de tidlige immunonutritionsstudier udfordrede 12-timers-fasteregimet og banede vejen for de senere ERAS-protokoller (57). I dette lys kan immunonutrition betragtes som et middel snarere end et m\u00e5l &#8211; en katalysator for opg\u00f8ret med for\u00e6ldede fasteprincipper, som siden er blevet standard uafh\u00e6ngigt af de \u00f8vrige immunmodulerende komponenter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">I dansk klinisk praksis er den centrale konklusion, at pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition ikke aktuelt synes tilstr\u00e6kkeligt dokumenteret som rutinebehandling ved elektiv kolorektal cancerkirurgi anno 2026. Konklusionen er usikker og bygger p\u00e5 et narrativt review og ikke p\u00e5 en systematisk evidenssyntese.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Det synes derfor relevant at overveje pr\u00e6operativ immunonutrition selektivt frem for rutinem\u00e6ssigt &#8211; s\u00e6rligt hos patienter med betydelig ern\u00e6ringsm\u00e6ssig risiko (NRS-2002 \u2265 3) (33), der skal underg\u00e5 \u00e5ben kirurgi, og hvor der er tilstr\u00e6kkelig tid (mindst 5-7 dage) til pr\u00e6operativ administration. Hos disse patienter b\u00f8r immunonutrition ses som et element i en bredere prehabiliterings- og ern\u00e6ringsoptimeringsstrategi frem for en selvst\u00e6ndig intervention.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\">Fremtidige randomiserede studier b\u00f8r designes med moderne perioperativ standardbehandling som komparator, anvende veldefinerede patientselektionskriterier (s\u00e6rligt for ern\u00e6ringsstatus), inkludere langsigtede outcomes ud over de klassiske kortsigtede komplikationsrater (livskvalitet, funktionel rekonvalescens, onkologiske outcomes) og v\u00e6re uafh\u00e6ngige af industrifinansiering eller i det mindste have en transparent og prospektiv h\u00e5ndtering af interessekonflikter.<\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-justify\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Konklusion<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Immunonutrition har haft en markant udviklingshistorie inden for perioperativ ern\u00e6ring. Tidlige studier rapporterede reduktioner i postoperative infektioner og indl\u00e6ggelsestid, men disse effekter er ikke konsistent reproduceret i moderne ERAS-baserede studier med minimal invasiv kirurgi. Den samlede evidens tyder derfor p\u00e5, at immunonutrition ikke kan anbefales som rutinebehandling ved elektiv kolorektal cancerkirurgi i dansk praksis. Evidensen er dog usikker, og konklusionen bygger p\u00e5 et narrativt review og ikke p\u00e5 en systematisk evidenssyntese. Anvendelse kan overvejes hos selekterede patienter, der skal gennemg\u00e5 \u00e5ben kirurgi og som er i ern\u00e6ringsm\u00e6ssig risiko.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"cvGsUA block-font-kerning-normal block-font-feature-liga-off block-font-feature-clig-off block-font-feature-calt-off direction-ltr align-start\"><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Referencer<br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" style=\"font-size: 16px;\">1.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Sundhedsstyrelsen. Screening for tarmkr\u00e6ft. K\u00f8benhavn: Sundhedsstyrelsen; [tilg\u00e5et 2026 feb 2].<\/span> <a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" style=\"font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sst.dk\/vidensbase\/forebyggelse\/screening\/nationale-screeningsprogrammer-for-kraeft\/screening-for-tarmkraeft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.sst.dk\/vidensbase\/forebyggelse\/screening\/nationale-screeningsprogrammer-for-kraeft\/screening-for-tarmkraeft<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" style=\"font-size: 16px;\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">2.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Xu J, Sun X, Xin Q, Cheng Y, Zhan Z, Zhang J, et al. Effect of immunonutrition on colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgery: a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2018;33(3):273-83. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-017-2958-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-017-2958-6<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">3.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Govaert JA, Fiocco M, van Dijk WA, Scheffer AC, de Graaf EJR, Tollenaar RAEM, et al. Costs of complications after colorectal cancer surgery in the Netherlands: building the business case for hospitals. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2015;41(8):1059-67.<\/span> <a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejso.2015.03.236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejso.2015.03.236<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">4.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">McKechnie T, Kazi T, Jessani G, Shi V, Sne N, Doumouras A, et al. The use of preoperative enteral immunonutrition in patients undergoing elective colorectal cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2025;27(4):e70061.<\/span> <a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/codi.70061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/codi.70061<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">5.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Lawrence VA, Hazuda HP, Cornell JE, Pederson T, Bradshaw PT, Mulrow CD, et al. Functional independence after major abdominal surgery in the elderly. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;199(5):762-72. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2004.05.280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2004.05.280<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">6.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Christensen T, Kehlet H. Postoperative fatigue. World J Surg. 1993;17(2):220-5. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01658930\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01658930<\/a><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">7.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">D\u0105browska AM, S\u0142otwi\u0144ski R. The immune response to surgery and infection. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2014;39(4):532-7. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/ceji.2014.47741\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/ceji.2014.47741<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">8.<\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Gupta D, Lammersfeld CA, Vashi PG, Burrows J, Lis CG, Grutsch JF. Prognostic significance of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) in advanced colorectal cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(1):35-40.<\/span> <a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602029\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602029<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">9.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Sundhedsstyrelsen. Underern\u00e6ring: Opsporing, behandling og opf\u00f8lgning af borgere og patienter i ern\u00e6ringsrisiko K\u00f8benhavn: <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sst.dk\/udgivelser\/2022\/vejledning-om-underernaering\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sundhedsstyrelsen; 2022, opdateret 11. apr. 2022<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">10.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Adiamah A, Sko\u0159epa P, Weimann A, Lobo DN. The impact of preoperative immune modulating nutrition on outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2019;270(2):247-56. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003256<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">11.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Khan A, Wong J, Riedel B, Laing E, Beaumont A, Kong J, et al. The impact of peri-operative enteral immunonutrition on post-operative complications in gastrointestinal cancer surgery: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2023;30(6):3619-31. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-023-13265-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-023-13265-1<\/a><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">12.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, Higashiguchi T, H\u00fcbner M, Klek S, et al. ESPEN guideline: clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(3):623-50.<\/span> <a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.02.013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.02.013<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">13.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Moya P, Soriano-Irigaray L, Ramirez JM, Garcea A, Blasco O, Blanco FJ, et al. Perioperative standard oral nutrition supplements versus immunonutrition in patients undergoing colorectal resection in an enhanced recovery (ERAS) protocol: a multicenter randomized clinical trial (SONVI study). Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(21):e3704. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000003704\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000003704<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">14.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome. Am J Surg. 2002;183(6):630-41. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9610(02)00866-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9610(02)00866-8<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">15.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Ricci C, Serbassi F, Alberici L, Ingaldi C, Gaetani L, De Raffele E, et al. 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Role of glutamine in immunologic responses. Nutrition. 1998;14(7-8):618-26. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0899-9007(98)00009-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0899-9007(98)00009-4<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">17.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Maity J, Majumder S, Pal R, Saha B, Mukhopadhyay PK. Ascorbic acid modulates immune responses through Jumonji-C domain containing histone demethylases and ten-eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenase. BioEssays. 2023;45(11):e2300035. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bies.202300035\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bies.202300035<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">18.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Jeong YJ, Hong SW, Kim JH, Jin DH, Kang JS, Lee WJ, et al. Vitamin C-treated murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells preferentially drive na\u00efve T cells into Th1 cells by increased IL-12 secretions. Cell Immunol. 2011;266(2):192-9. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellimm.2010.10.005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellimm.2010.10.005<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">19.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Bivona JJ, Patel S, Vajdy M. Induction of cellular and molecular immunomodulatory pathways by vitamin E and vitamin C. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2017;17(12):1539-51. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14712598.2017.1375096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14712598.2017.1375096<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">20.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Gil A. Modulation of the immune response mediated by dietary nucleotides. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(Suppl 3):S1-4. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601475<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">21.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Sun L, Su Y, Jiao A, Wang X, Zhang B. T cells in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):235. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01471-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01471-y<\/a><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">22.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Rodriguez PC, Zea AH, DeSalvo J, Culotta KS, Zabaleta J, Quiceno DG, et al. L-arginine consumption by macrophages modulates the expression of CD3 zeta chain in T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 2003;171(3):1232-9. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.171.3.1232\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.171.3.1232<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">23.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Lamb TJ, Pawelec G. Here, there, and everywhere: myeloid-derived suppressor cells in immunology. J Immunol. 2023;210(9):1183-97. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.2200914\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.2200914<\/a><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">24.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Popovic PJ, Zeh HJ, Ochoa JB. Arginine and immunity. J Nutr. 2007;137(6 Suppl 2):1681S-1686S. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/137.6.1681S\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/137.6.1681S<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">25.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Daly JM, Lieberman MD, Goldfine J, Shou J, Weintraub F, Rosato EF, et al. Enteral nutrition with supplemental arginine, RNA, and omega-3 fatty acids in patients after operation: immunologic, metabolic, and clinical outcome. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/1377838\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Surgery. 1992;112(1):56-67.<\/a><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">26.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Senkal M, Mumme A, Eickhoff U, Geier B, Sp\u00e4th G, Wulfert D, et al. Early postoperative enteral immunonutrition: clinical outcome and cost-comparison analyses in surgical patients. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(9):1489-96. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003246-199709000-00015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003246-199709000-00015<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">27.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Braga M, Gianotti L, Radaelli G, Vignali A, Mari G, Gentilini O, et al. Perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing cancer surgery: results of a randomized double-blind phase 3 trial. Arch Surg. 1999;134(4):428-33. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archsurg.134.4.428\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archsurg.134.4.428<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">28.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Braga M, Gianotti L, Vignali A, Carlo VD. Preoperative oral arginine and n-3 fatty acid supplementation improves the immunometabolic host response and outcome after colorectal resection for cancer. Surgery. 2002;132(5):805-14. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/msy.2002.128350\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/msy.2002.128350<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">29.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Gianotti L, Braga M, Nespoli L, Radaelli G, Beneduce A, Di Carlo V. A randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral supplementation with a specialized diet in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(7):1763-70. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/gast.2002.33587\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/gast.2002.33587<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">30.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Heys SD, Walker LG, Smith I, Eremin O. Enteral nutritional supplementation with key nutrients in patients with critical illness and cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Ann Surg. 1999;229(4):467-77. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000658-199904000-00004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000658-199904000-00004<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">31.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Weimann A, Braga M, Harsanyi L, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: surgery including organ transplantation. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(2):224-244. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2006.01.015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2006.01.015<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">32.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Klek S, Kulig J, Sierzega M, Szybinski P, Szczepanek K, Kubisz A, et al. The impact of immunostimulating nutrition on infectious complications after upper gastrointestinal surgery: a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. 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Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(7):850-5. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2012.53\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2012.53<\/a><br \/>\n<strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">34.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Giger-Pabst U, Lange J, Maurer C, Bucher C, Schreiber V, Schlumpf R, et al. Short-term preoperative supplementation of an immunoenriched diet does not improve clinical outcome in well-nourished patients undergoing abdominal cancer surgery. Nutrition. 2013;29(5):724-9.<\/span> <a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2012.10.007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2012.10.007<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">35.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Lee SY, Lee J, Park HM, Kim CH, Kim HR. Impact of preoperative immunonutrition on the outcomes of colon cancer surgery. 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J Gastrointest Surg. 2024;28(10):1654-60. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gassur.2024.07.027\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gassur.2024.07.027<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">58.<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">Krimsky S. Financial interest and its disclosure in scientific publications. JAMA. 1998;280(3):225. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.280.3.225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.280.3.225<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<br \/>\n<\/span><strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">59<\/span><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">McCrary SV, Anderson CB, Jakovljevic J, Khan T, McCullough LB, Wray NP, et al. A national survey of policies on disclosure of conflicts of interest in biomedical research. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(22):1621-6. <\/span><a class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" draggable=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM200011303432207\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM200011303432207<\/a><span class=\"a_GcMg font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\">.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lone Manca 1, Tina Munk 2, Jacob Rosenberg 3 1 Sygeplejerske, Center for Perioperativ Optimering, Afdeling for Mave-, Tarm- og 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